Stone, B.C. 1970. The Flora of Guam. A Manual for the Identification of the Vascular Plants of the Island. Micronesica. 6 (1/2): 1-659. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 October 1969.

Herbs, vines, or rarely shrubs or small trees; leaves pinnately veined, sometimes net-veined; blades often sagittate in outline; flowers on a spadix enclosed by a spathe, perfect or unisexual, monoecious or dioecious; perianth none or 3-8-parted, reduced; stamens 1 to many; carpels 1 to several, with 1 to many ovules; fruit a berry; seeds with fleshy outer integument. The tissues are usually rich in needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate. In a few spp. the sap is milky. 100 genera, 600 species, tropical.